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Uma Maheswari B*., Meerabai R.S., 2016. Evaluation of antiinflammatory activity of methanol extract of Ampelocissus araneosa Planch. (Vitaceae) in Wistar albino rats. International Journal of Pharmacy. Photon 107, 512-515
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Khare N., Khare P., 2016. Use of Probiotics in Curing Diseases- A Review. International Journal of Pharmacy. Photon 107, 502-506 Abstract Probiotics is a treatment to control diarrhea in infants and children. Probiotics contain useful such as Lactobacillus and Bifido bacterium spp. in yogurts. These two bacteria play an important role controlling diarrhea. Probiotics also help in maintaining viable microbes mainly during gastro intestinal problems, liver diseases and also in irritable bowel syndrome. So, Probiotics may be defined as use of live microorganism which is beneficial to host. Probiotics also contains sometime strains of yeast for eg. Saccharomyces boulardii which has resulted in effective probiotic. Milk products mainly in fermented form are effective in curing diseases. It also helps in food allergies, and also helpful in curing colonic cancer. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Citation: Panda N., A.V Reddy., G.V.S Reddy., M.S Ansari., 2015. Biphasic release of Zolmitriptan through design of gastroretentive bilayer floating matrix tablets. International Journal of Pharmacy. Photon 106, 489-501 Abstract The objectives of the present study was to develop a bilayer floating sustained release matrix tablet of Zolmitriptan with biphasic release that increase the residence time in gastric fluid and improves its bioavailability. Floating bilayer tablets having one immediate release layer and another sustained release layer were prepared using direct compression technique. Among all the IR layer formulations, ZIRF10 showed highest f2 value (57.84) and lowest f1 value (10.72) was considered as best formulation. Dry powder blends of all the formulations were evaluated for precompression parameters like angle of repose, Carr’s index and Hausner’s ratio and the results comply with pharmacopeia specification. The formulated tablet were characterized by weight variation, friability, hardness, swelling studies, in vitro release studies, in vitro release kinetic and FTIR and DSC analysis. DSC and FTIR analysis ensured compatibility between the drug and polymers used for formulations. The floating lag time, floating duration and swelling index of ZBFTF10 (optimized formulation) found as 21 second, 13 hour and 101.29 respectively. Out of all the formulation developed, formulation ZBFTF10containing 23% of HPMC K100M and 10% of ethyl cellulose showed optimum in vitro drug release upto 99% at the end of 12 h. The kinetic of in vitro drug release profile of ZBFTF10followed Pappas kinetic model (R2=0.995) having drug release mechanism as anomalous diffusion coupled with erosion (n=0.706). Accelerated stability studies of optimized formulation (ZBFTF10) showed a little change in physicochemical properties as well as drug release profiles at the end of 90 days indicating the stability of formulations. The results of the current study clearly indicated a promising potential of the Zolmitriptan bilayer floating system as an alternative to the conventional dosage form as it released an initial loading dose that can be useful for acute migraine followed by maintenance dose as sustained release manner for better therapeutic benefits. However, further clinical studies are needed to assess the utility of this system for patients suffering from migraine. International Journal of Pharmacy
Citation: Thakur H.A., Bhamare M.R., Basarkar U.G., 2015. Phytochemical and Antimicrobial activity of Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. International Journal of Pharmacy. Photon 106, 482-488. Abstract Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. (Asteraceae) is a common annual spreading herb found in a rice field throughout in India; five crude extracts were prepared from the whole plant Sphaeranthus indicus using different solvents by Soxhlet method. The extracts were subjected to screening to detect Preliminary phytochemical analysis and potential antimicrobial activity against E. Coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella typhi and fungal strain Candida albicans as standard by agar well diffusion method. The aim of our present study was to find out the Preliminary photochemical analysis and antimicrobial activity of the different extracts of entire plant including flower heads of Sphaeranthus indicus. The different extracts such as Hexane, Methanol, Ethanol, petroleum ether and aqueous extracts exhibits comparable antimicrobial activity with the control. Presence of alkaloids and carbohydrate present in methanol extract, saponins are only present in distilled water and ethanol extract, phenolic compounds are only present in ethanolic extract while fixed oil and volatile oils are strongly present in all extract except in distilled water extract.American Journal of Pharmacy and Health Research
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Formulation and in vivo Evaluation of Buccoadhesive Gels Containing Glimepiride: An Antidiabetic Drug The aim of the present investigation was development and in-vivo evaluation of buccoadhesive gel of an antidiabetic drug i.e., Glimepiride, and to maintain its bioavailability over an extended period of time and to circumvent the hepatic first pass effect. The buccoadhesive gels were prepared using carbopol, hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose, methyl cellulose and sodium carboxy methyl cellulose in different ratios. On the basis of in-vitro studies the formulations GCPH2 and GF16 were selected for in-vivo and stability studies. A maximum hypoglycaemic response was observed at 10 hr and thereafter remained stable up to 24 hr. The formulation GF16 was found stable after stability studies. Pharmacy
Citation: Abate B., Abera M., 2015. Technology Transfer in Pharmaceutical Industries, Challenges and Opportunities in Developing Countries. International Journal of Pharmacy. Photon 106, 453-463. Abstract This review article discloses the issue of pharmaceutical technology transfer in developing countries that has generated and debated for many years. Given technology centrality to development, and technology acquisition necessity by developing countries for further development and benefit, it is desirable to generate, transfer and diffuse the best available pharmaceutical technology in these countries. Unfortunately, most of the world’s advanced technology is generated privately by transnational corporations, whose principal research and development activity is located in developed countries, creates an asymmetry between technology possession and technological need location.International Research Journal of Pharmacy
There is a gap between the technology developed and owned by firms in developed countries and that can be obtained and utilized by developing countries. The main objective of this review article is to disclose the working procedure for technology transfer process in pharmaceutical industry in developing countries through taking an invention from its inception in a laboratory to a commercialized drug product and to highlight how technology is transferred, importance of technology transfer, reasons for technology transfer, factors influencing technology transfer: drivers and barriers, steps involved in technology transfer and to identify policy approaches that might overcome those barriers.
Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Citation: Sati S.C., Kumar P., Joshi S., 2015. The bark extracts of Himalayan gymnosperm Picea smithiana (Wall.): A natural sources of antibacterial and antioxidant agent. International Journal of Pharmacy. Photon 106, 445-452. Abstract The bark extract of Kumaun Himalayan gymnosperm Picea smithiana was assessed for its active principles. Flavonoids, terpenoid, tannins, alkaloids, saponin, glycosides, quinines, carbohydrates, protein, starch, resin, volatile oil, anthraquinone and phenol were found in both methanol and ethanol bark extracts. The antibacterial potential of methanol and ethanol extracts of bark was investigated against Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Erwinia chrysanthemi and Xanthomonas phaseoli using disc diffusion method.
Indian Research Journal of Pharmacy and Science The extracts were further evaluated for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Both methanol and ethanol extracts of P. smithiana bark were found effective by showing a mark zone of inhibition (ZOI). Methanol extract showed the highest inhibitory activity against A. tumefaciens (ZOI, 19 mm) while ethanol extract exhibited its highest activity for E. chrysanthemi (ZOI, 12 mm).
National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology
The MIC and MBC values were recorded in the range 31.25-250 µg/ml and 62.5-500 µg/ml, respectively. The lowest value of MIC and MBC were recorded against A. tumefaciens in methanol extract (31.25 µg/ml and 62.5 µg/ml respectively). The results of bark extracts were also compared with leaf extracts of P. smithiana for antimicrobial potential. Journal of Pharmacy Practice
Citation: Taderera T., Chagonda L.S., Gomo E., Shai L.J., 2015. Inhibitory activity of α-glucosidase and α-amylase by Annona stenophylla root extract as mechanism for hypoglycaemic control of DM. International Journal of Pharmacy. Photon 106, 436-444. Abstract DM mellitus has become a worldwide disease. Some local TMPs in Zimbabwe are reported to have hypoglycaemic effects on blood glucose and are used as herbal medicines to treat diabetes. A. stenophylla aqueous root extracts were freeze dried and examined for inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase on KAT reagents in the presence of sucrose and maltose substrates using acarbose as positive control. The IC50 values for the plant extract and acarbose for α-glucosidase in the presence of the sucrose were 0.123 ± 0.009 mg/ml and 0.101± 0.0176 mg/ml respectively. International Journal of Pharmacy and Technology
The IC50 values in the presence of maltose were 0.500 ± 0.128 mg/ml and 0.117 ± 0.0563 mg/ml respectively. The plant extract and acarbose showed IC50 values against amylase of 1.26 ± 0.903 mg/ml and 1.199 ± 0.0651 mg/ml respectively. The plant extract displayed mixed type inhibition kinetics for α-glucosidase with sucrose reducing Vmax value of the enzyme from 0.214 to 0.0608 mmoles. min–1 whilst increasing Km from 0.0124 to 0.0580. The results suggest A. stenophylla possesses hypoglycaemic control in diabetes mellitus through inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes and its standardisation could transform herbal practice in treating diabetes.American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy
Murugan K., Krishnan M.V.G., Greeshma G.M., Aswathy J.M., Pradeep D.P., Krishnan R., Manoj G.S., 2016. In vivo assessment of DNA damage and its amelioration by essential oil ofArtemisia japonica Thunb. and A. nilagirica (Clarke) Pamp. using single-cell gel electrophoresis and micronucleus assay. The Journal of Phytochemistry. Photon 117, 365-370 Abstract This study investigated the in vivo genotoxicity of Artemisia japonica Thunb. and A. nilagirica (Clarke) Pamp. and its potential antigenotoxicity against cyclophosphamide (CP) induced DNA damage. Initially, the essential oil (EO) was analyzed by GC-MS. A. japonica and A.nilagirica (250 and 500 mg/kg b.w.) was administered to Swiss white mice of both sexes for 15 days, and the animals received an injection of saline or CP (0.9% NaCl) 24 h before they were euthanized.
Indian Journal of Pharmacy Practice Journal of Integrated Pharmacy Research and Practice
The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of Camphor, 8-Cineole, Borneol, Artemisia ketone and β-Thujone the major compounds in A. nilagirica. Meanwhile A. Japonica contain linalool, Caryophyllene oxide, trans-Linalool oxide, p-cymene and 1, 8 -Cineole. Significant inhibitions were observed in the evaluated parameters, demonstrating the absence of cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of EOs at all tested doses.
International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy In liver, kidney, cardiac and bone marrow cells, EO reduced the DNA damage induced by CP. Results showed a dose–response action of EO. Furthermore, the various tissues showed a difference in the potential antigenotoxic effects. In conclusion, EO of Artemisia was not genotoxic and inhibited the genotoxicity induced by CP. Further investigations are needed to purify the potential compound from EO and also to analyze the effects over human health.
European Journal of Hospital Pharmacy Pardeshi B.M., 2015. The Biomineral Analysis of Five Indian Ayurvedic Polyherbal Formulations by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The Journal of Phytochemistry. Photon 116, 352-364 Abstract Minerals and trace minerals are essential to human health for maintaining adequate levels in every tissue, fluid, cell and organ in the body may be the key considerations. Medicinal plants are essential natural resource of new bioactive products for drug development.
International Journal of Pharmacy and Integrated Life Sciences Present study was investigated to the elemental analysis of polyherbal medicinal formulations by Instrumental Neutron activation Analysis and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences
Medicinal herbals formulations from India, prescribed for specific treatment purposes were analyzed by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis using 252Cf, Californium spontaneous fission neutron source(flux *109 n s-1) and the induced activities were counted by γ-ray spectrometry and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy techniques (Perkin Elmer 3100 Model) available at University of Pune, India was used for the measurement of major, minor and trace elements from five polyherbal Ayurvedic formulations. 15 elements viz. Al, K, Cl, Na, Mn by Instrumental neutron activation analysis and Cu, Co, Pb Ni, Cr, Ca, Fe, Zn, Hg and Cd by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy were analyzed from different Ayurvedic herbal formulations. A critical examination of the data shows that the elements Ca, K, Cl, Al and Fe are found to be present at major levels in most of the samples while the other elements are present in minor or trace levels. The elemental concentration in different medicinal formulations is discussed.
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Kancheepuram Journal of Veterinary Science and Fisheries
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Ramanathapuram Journal of Veterinary Science and Fisheries
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Thiruvarur Journal of Veterinary Science and Fisheries
Theni Journal of Veterinary Science and Fisheries
Karur Journal of Veterinary Science and Fisheries
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Nilgiris Journal of Veterinary Science and Fisheries
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Chennai Journal of Veterinary Science and Fisheries
Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science Syllabus for UPSC Main Examination
Paper-I
1.Animal Nutrition:
1.1 Partitioning of food energy within the animal. Direct and indirect calorimetry. Carbon - nitrogen balance and comparative slaughter methods. Systems for expressing energy value of foods in ruminants, pigs and poultry. Energy requirements for maintenance, growth, pregnancy, lactation, egg, wool, and meat production.
1.2 Latest advances in protein nutrition. Energy protein interrelationships. Evaluation of protein quality. Use of NPN compounds in ruminant diets. Protein requirements for maintenance, growth, pregnancy, lactation, egg, wool and meat production.
1.3 Major and trace minerals - Their sources, physiological functions and deficiency symptoms. Toxic minerals. Mineral interactions. Role of fat-soluble and water - soluble vitamins in the body, their sources and deficiency symptoms.
1.4 Feed additives - methane inhibitors, probiotics, enzymes, antibiotics, hormones, oligosaccharides, antioxidants, emulsifiers, mould inhibitors, buffers etc. Use and abuse of growth promoters like hormones and antibiotics - latest concepts.
1.5 Conservation of fodders. Storage of feeds and feed ingredients. Recent advances in feed technology and feed processing. Anti - nutritional and toxic factors present in livestock feeds. Feed analysis and quality control. Digestibility trials - direct, indirect and indicator methods. Predicting feed intake in grazing animals.
1.6 Advances in ruminant nutrition. Nutrient requirements. Balanced rations. Feeding of calves, pregnant, work animals and breeding bulls. Strategies for feeding milch animals during different stages of lactation cycle. Effect of feeding on milk composition. Feeding of goats for meat and milk production. Feeding of sheep for meat and wool production.
1.7 Swine Nutrition. Nutrient requirements. Creep, starter, grower and finisher rations. Feeding of pigs for lean meat production. Low cost rations for swine.
1.8 Poultry nutrition. Special features of poultry nutrition. Nutrient requirements for meat and egg production. Formulation of rations for different classes of layers and broilers.
2. Animal Physiology
2.1 Physiology of blood and its circulation, respiration; excretion. Endocrine glands in health and disease.
2.2 Blood constituents - Properties and functions-blood cell formationHaemoglobin synthesis and chemistryplasma proteins production, classification and properties, coagulation of blood;Haemorrhagic disorders-anticoagulants-blood groups-Blood volumePlasma expanders-Buffer systems in blood. Biochemical tests and their significance in disease diagnosis.
2.3 Circulation - Physiology of heart, cardiac cycle, heart sounds, heart beat, electrocardiograms. Work and efficiency of heart-effect of ions on heart functionmetabolism of cardiac muscle, nervous and chemical regulation of heart, effect of temperature and stress on heart, blood pressure and hypertension, osmotic regulation, arterial pulse, vasomotor regulation of circulation, shock. Coronary and pulmonary circulation, Blood-Brain barrier- Cerebrospinal fluid- circulation in birds.
2.4 Respiration - Mechanism of respiration, Transport and exchange of gases -neural control of respiration-chemoreceptors-hypoxia-respiration in birds.
2.5 Excretion-Structure and function of kidney-formation of urine-methods of studying renal function-renal regulation of acid-base balance: physiological constituents of urine-renal failure-passive venous congestion-Urinary secretion in chicken-Sweat glands and their function. Bio-chemical test for urinary dysfunction.
2.6 Endocrine glands - Functional disorders their symptoms and diagnosis. Synthesis of hormones, mechanism and control of secretion- hormonal receptorsclassification and function.
2.7 Growth and Animal ProductionPrenatal and postnatal growth, maturation, growth curves, measures of growth, factors affecting growth, conformation, body composition, meat quality.
2.8 Physiology of Milk Production, Reproduction and Digestion- Current status of hormonal control of mammary development, milk secretion and milk ejection, Male and Female reproductive organs, their components and functions. Digestive organs and their functions.
2.9 Environmental PhysiologyPhysiological relations and their regulation; mechanisms of adaptation, environmental factors and regulatory mechanisms involved in animal behaviour, climatology - various parameters and their importance. Animal ecology. Physiology of behaviour. Effect of stress on health and production.
3.Animal Reproduction:
Semen quality- Preservation and Artificial Insemination- Components of semen, composition of spermatozoa, chemical and physical properties of ejaculated semen, factors affecting semen in vivo and in vitro. Factors affecting semen production and quality, preservation, composition of diluents, sperm concentration, transport of diluted semen. Deep freezing techniques in cows, sheep, goats, swine and poultry. Detection of oestrus and time of insemination for better conception. Anoestrus and repeat breeding.
4.Livestock Production and Management:
4.1 Commercial Dairy FarmingComparison of dairy farming in India with advanced countries. Dairying under mixed farming and as specialized farming, economic dairy farming. Starting of a dairy farm, Capital and land requirement, organization of the dairy farm. Opportunities in dairy farming, factors determining the efficiency of dairy animal. Herd recording, budgeting, cost of milk production, pricing policy; Personnel Management. Developing Practical and Economic rations for dairy cattle; supply of greens throughout the year, feed and fodder requirements of Dairy Farm. Feeding regimes for young stock and bulls, heifers and breeding animals; new trends in feeding young and adult stock; Feeding records.
4.2 Commercial meat, egg and wool production- Development of practical and economic rations for sheep, goats, pigs, rabbits and poultry. Supply of greens, fodder, feeding regimes for young and mature stock. New trends in enhancing production and management. Capital and land requirements and socio-economic concept.
4.3 Feeding and management of animals under drought, flood and other natural calamities
5.Genetics and Animal Breeding:
History of animal genetics. Mitosis and Meiosis: Mendelian inheritance; deviations to Mendelian genetics; Expression of genes; Linkage and crossing over; Sex determination, sex influenced and sex limited characters; Blood groups and polymorphism; Chromosome aberrations; Cytoplasmic inheritance. Gene and its structure; DNA as a genetic material; Genetic code and protein synthesis; Recombinant DNA technology. Mutations, types of mutations, methods for detecting mutations and mutation rate. Trans-genesis.
5.1 Population Genetics applied to Animal Breeding- Quantitative Vs. qualitative traits; Hardy Weinberg Law; Population Vs. individual; Gene and genotypic frequency; Forces changing gene frequency; Random drift and small populations; Theory of path coefficient; Inbreeding, methods of estimating inbreeding coefficient, systems of inbreeding, Effective population size; Breeding value, estimation of breeding value, dominance and epistatic deviation; Partitioning of variation; Genotype X environment correlation and genotype X environment interaction; role of multiple measurements; Resemblance between relatives.
5.2 Breeding Systems- Breeds of livest- sock and Poultry. Heritability, repeatability and genetic and phenotypic correlations, their methods of estimation and precision of estimates; Aids to selection and their relative merits; Individual, pedigree, family and within family selection; Progeny testing; Methods of selection; Construction of selection indices and their uses; Comparative evaluation of genetic gains through various selection methods; Indirect selection and correlated response; Inbreeding, out breeding, upgrading, cross-breeding and synthesis of breeds; Crossing of inbred lines for commercial production; Selection for general and specific combining ability; Breeding for threshold characters. Sire index.
6.Extension:
Basic philosophy, objectives, concept and principles of extension. Different Methods adopted to educate farmers under rural conditions. Generation of technology, its transfer and feedback. Problems and constraints in transfer of technology. Animal husbandry programmes for rural development.
Paper-II
1.Anatomy, Pharmacology and Hygiene:
1.1 Histology and Histological Techniques: Paraffin embedding technique of tissue processing and H.E. staining - Freezing microtomy- MicroscopyBright field microscope and electron microscope. Cytology-structure of cell, organells and inclusions; cell division-cell types- Tissues and their classificationembryonic and adult tissues-Comparative histology of organs-Vascular. Nervous, digestive, respiratory, musculo- skeletal and urogenital systems- Endocrine glands -Integuments-sense organs.
1.2 Embryology - Embryology of vertebrates with special reference to aves and domestic mammals gametogenesis-fertilization-germ layers- foetal membranes and placentation-types of placenta in domestic mammals-Teratology-twins and twinning- organogenesis -germ layer derivatives- endodermal, mesodermal and ectodermal derivates.
1.3 Bovine Anatomy- Regional Anatomy: Paranasal sinuses of OX- surface anatomy of salivary glands. Regional anatomy of infraorbital, maxillary, mandibuloalveolar,mental and cornual nerve block. Regional anatomy of paravertebral nerves, pudendal nerve, median ulnar and radial nerves-tibial,fibular and digital nerves-Cranial nerves-structures involved in epidural anaesthesia-superficial lymph nodes-surface anatomy of visceral organs of thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities-comparative features of locomotor apparatus and their application in the biomechanics of mammalian body.
1.4 Anatomy of Fowl- Musculo-skeletal system-functional anatomy in relation to respiration and flying, digestion and egg production.
1.5 Pharmacology and therapeutic drugs - Cellular level of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. Drugs acting on fluids and electrolyte balance. Drugs acting on Autonomic nervous system. Modern concepts of anaesthesia and dissociative anaesthetics. Autacoids. Antimicrobials and principles of chemotherapy in microbial infections. Use of hormones in therapeutics- chemotherapy of parasitic infections. Drug and economic concerns in the Edible tissues of animals- chemotherapy of Neoplastic diseases. Toxicity due to insecticides, plants, metals, non-metals, zootoxins and mycotoxins.
1.6 Veterinary Hygiene with reference to water, air and habitation - Assessment of pollution of water, air and soil- Importance of climate in animal health- effect of environment on animal function and performance-relationship between industrialization and animal agriculture- animal housing requirements for specific categories of domestic animals viz. pregnant cows and sows, milking cows, broiler birdsstress, strain and productivity in relation to animal habitation.
2.Animal Diseases:
2.1 Etiology, epidemiology pathogenesis, symptoms, postmortem lesions, diagnosis, and control of infectious diseases of cattle, sheep and goat, horses, pigs and poultry.
2.2 Etiology, epidemiology, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment of production diseases of cattle, horse, pig and poultry.
2.3 Deficiency diseases of domestic animals and birds.
2.4 Diagnosis and treatment of non-specific conditions like impaction, Bloat, Diarrhoea, Indigestion, dehydration, stroke, poisoning.
2.5 Diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders.
2.6 Principles and methods of immunization of animals against specific diseasesherd immunity- disease free zones- �zero� disease concept- chemoprophylaxis.
2.7 Anaesthesia- local, regional and general-preanesthetic medication. Symptoms and surgical interference in fractures and dislocation. Hernia, choking abomasal displacement- Caesarian operations. Rumenotomy-Castrations.
2.8 Disease investigation techniques.- Materials for laboratory investigationEstablishment of Animal Health CentersDisease free zone.
3. Veterinary Public Health:
3.1 Zoonoses. - Classification, definition, role of animals and birds in prevalence and transmission of zoonotic diseasesoccupational zoonotic diseases.
3.2 Epidemiology- Principle, definition of epidemiological terms, application of epidemiological measures in the study of diseases and disease control. Epidemiological features of air, water and food borne infections. OIE regulations, WTO, sanitary and phytosanitary measures.
3.3 Veterinary Jurisprudence- Rules and Regulations for improvement of animal quality and prevention of animal diseases - State and central rules for prevention of animal and animal product borne diseases- S P C A- Veterolegal casesCertificates -Materials and Methods of collection of samples for veterolegal investigation.
4. Milk and Milk Products Technology:
4.1 Market Milk: Quality, testing and grading of raw milk. Processing, packaging, storing, distribution, marketing, defects and their control. Preparation of the following milks: Pasteurized, standardized, toned, double toned, sterilized, homogenized, reconstituted, recombined and flavoured milks. Preparation of cultured milks, cultures and their management, yoghurt, Dahi, Lassi and Srikhand. Preparation of flavoured and sterilized milks. Legal standards. Sanitation requirement for clean and safe milk and for the milk plant equipment.
4.2 Milk Products Technology: Selection of raw materials, processing, storing , distributing and marketing milk products such as Cream, Butter, Ghee, Khoa, Channa, Cheese, condensed, evaporated, dried milk and baby food, Ice cream and Kulfi; by-products, whey products, butter milk, lactose and casein. Testing, grading, judging milk products- BIS and Agmark specifications, legal standards, quality control and nutritive properties. Packaging, processing and operational control. Costing of dairy products
5. Meat Hygiene and Technology:
5.1 Meat Hygiene.
5.1.1 Ante mortem care and management of food animals, stunning, slaughter and dressing operations; abattoir requirements and designs; Meat inspection procedures and judgment of carcass meat cuts- grading of carcass meat cuts- duties and functions of Veterinarians in wholesome meat production.
5.1.2 Hygenic methods of handling production of meat- Spoilage of meat and control measures- Post - slaughter physicochemical changes in meat and factors that influence them- Quality improvement methods - Adulteration of meat and detection - Regulatory provisions in Meat trade and Industry.
5.2 Meat Technology.
5.2.1 Physical and chemical characteristics of meat- Meat emulsions- Methods of preservation of meat- Curing, canning, irradiation, packaging of meat and meat products, processing and formulations.
5.3 By- products- Slaughter house byproducts and their utilization- Edible and inedible by products- Social and economic implications of proper utilization of slaughter house by-products- Organ products for food and pharmaceuticals.
5.4 Poultry Products TechnologyChemical composition and nutritive value of poultry meat, pre - slaughter care and management. Slaughtering techniques, inspection, preservation of poultry meat and products. Legal and BIS standards. Structure, composition and nutritive value of eggs. Microbial spoilage. Preservation and maintenance. Marketing of poultry meat, eggs and products. Value added meat products.
5.5 Rabbit/Fur Animal farming - Rabbit meat production. Disposal and utilization of fur and wool and recycling of waste by products. Grading of wool.
Certificate Program-2016 in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Applications are invited each month for Certificate Program-2016 in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery authorized by The Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery .
Qualification: Applicants must have published at least 2 research articles in peer reviewed international journals / Patents, can enrol for the certificate program. Certificate Program is designed to cater Grade Promotion, recruitment, Funding, Tenure Extension, Fellowship, admission and appointments. Applicants should submit 2 scientific contributions, published at any International Journal of repute/ Patents to : photonjournal@yahoo.com as attachment to qualify for Certificate Program. Participants will be recognized as Resource Person/ Recognized Expert in concerned field/ Techniques. Teaching Faculties and Scientists can also enrol for Refresher Course. The last date is 31 December, 2016.
International Conference on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery-2016 (Webinar)
Participants can join the Conference (Webinar) each month on related contents. Submit your Paper / Abstracts to present at Webinar before the end of each month at: photonjournal@yahoo.com as attachment. The participants will be recognized with Certificates.
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Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Aruba Australia Austria Azerbaijan The Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burma Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Costa Rica Ivory Coast Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Fiji Finland France Gabon The Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Holy See Honduras Hong Kong Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macau Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Micronesia Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda Samoa San Marino San Marino São Tomé and Príncip Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Saint Kitts Saint Lucia Saint Vincent Sudan Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe